Hebrews is a book that Covenant theologians love to turn to in order to demonstrate that the OT was all types and shadows and thus all the promises made to national Israel concerning a coming kingdom with Messiah reigning on earth are fulfilled in the NT Church. However, the geopolitical imagery of the OT promises are transformed into strictly spiritual antitypes as fulfilled by the Church and any thought of a national future for ethnic Israel is dispensed with. So goes the strict supercessionist hermeneutic. There is no material aspect to the Davidic kingdom in Covenant theology. Thus, it may come as a surprise to some that the writer of Hebrews speaks of the Messianic kingdom in terms of material and territorial fulfillment.
In Hebrews 1, the writer seeks to set the stage for the superiority of Christ in all things. Apparently the recipients of the letter had a distorted angelogy and a diminished Christology that needed correcting. The writer highlights Jesus as the Son of God superior to angels and worshipped by them. Furthermore, he highlights the Son as also the supreme king and ruler of a divine kingdom. This is brought out in the quotation in verse 8 from Psalm 45. “But of the Son He says, ‘Thy throne, O God, is forever and ever, and the righteous scepter is the scepter of His kingdom.’” This is preceded by an often overlooked verse 6 speaking of when the Father, “again (
palin) brings the first-born into the world.” The term translated “world” here is
oikoumene, a rare NT term for the writer to use. Its primary meaning is, “inhabited earth.” Thus, we must conclude that this verse is speaking of the return again of the Son to this present earth as inhabited by post-parousia humanity.
Now all this might not seem significant until we turn to chapter 2. The writer picks up the comparison again between angels and the Son of God in verse 5. Notice carefully what it says, “For He did not subject to angels the world to come, concerning which we are speaking.” The “world” in this verse is once again the rare term
oikoumene. These instances are the only 2 times the writer uses this term. Notice the future tense. It is the world to come. It speaks of a material inhabited earth yet in the future. The writer seeks to show that this world will not be subjected to angels but to the Son of God who has an everlasting throne and kingdom (1:8). Verses 6-8 elaborate upon this point:
“But one has testified somewhere, saying, ‘What is man, that Thou rememberest him? Or the son of man, that Thou art concerned about him? ‘Thou hast made him for a little while lower than the angels; Thou hast crowned him with glory and honor, and hast appointed him over the works of Thy hands; Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet.’ For in subjecting all things to him, He left nothing that is not subject to him. But now we do not yet see all things subjected to him.”
The NASV treats verse 8 as if it is “man” who has “all things” subjected to him. But the context of the comparison of the Son with angels in chapter 1 continues and the indications of Christ as the subject in the verses following verse 8 (i.e. verses 9-10) militate against this. The phrase “all things” is picked up again in verse 10 as clearly applying to the reign and authority of Jesus, “made for a little while lower than the angels” (vs. 9). However, my attention is drawn to verse 8: “'Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet.’ For in subjecting all things to him, He left nothing that is not subject to him. But now we do not yet see all things subjected to him.” In the style of Midrash the author quotes Psa. 8:6 and then comments upon it. The force of the interpretation is that the Father has subjected “all things” to the Son. The Son has inherited a kingdom over which He rules and reigns. He reigns now from the right hand of the Father (see chapter 1, verse 13). But not all things have been subjected to Him just yet. The kingdom has been inaugurated but not quite consummated. When shall “all things” be subjected to the Son-King? I believe verse 5 makes it clear - in the inhabited earth yet to come. This nicely dovetails into Paul thoughts concerning the kingdom of Christ in 1 Corinthians 15:24-28 (consider especially the parallels to verses 27 and 28 where Paul himself quotes Psa. 8:6 and applies it to the reign of Christ).
The writer of Hebrews indeed shows how much of the OT was couched in types and shadows that are now done away with since the first advent of Christ, being fulfilled in Him. However, much of the OT contains straightforward prophecies and anticipations of direct fulfillments of material and territorial promises that cannot be understood any other way than through a material-spiritual kingdom that Christ also fulfills. The writer of Hebrews is aware of both kinds of fulfillment as I believe chapters 1 and 2 of the book demonstrate.